Portuguese, First Europeans in Southeast Asia

The arrival of the first Europeans in Southeast Asia in the early sixteenth century is sometimes seen as the most important determinant point in the history of the region. In the fifteenth century the Portuguese is one of the nation achieve advances in technology. The Portuguese has been able to make ships more viable and sophisticated in comparison with previous ships allowed them to do a cruise and widen the powers across the ocean. The grounds for the master spice imports in Europe, the Portuguese are looking for local areas best spice. The spices in Europe is a necessity and also taste. During the winter in Europe, there is no way any one of which can be run to maintain that all farm animals can be kept alive. Because they were a lot of animals are slaughtered and the meat must then be preserved. For all that's required a lot of salt and spices.
Cloves of East Indonesia is the most valuable. Indonesia also produces pepper, nutmeg, and mace. Indonesian natural resources that are so abundant in plants including herbs into the reason Indonesian Portuguese to dominate the region dominate the European market as well.

A. EARLY arrival of the Portuguese PROCESS TO INDONESIA
In 1487, Bartholomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entering the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. However, the Portuguese people know immediately that the goods they wish to sell merchandise that can not compete in the Indian market with a sophisticated goods flowing through the Asian trade network. Therefore, they should consciously make war at sea to establish themselves.


Alfonso de Albuquerque is the largest naval commander at the time. Albuquerque in 1503 went to India, and in 1510, he conquer Goa on the West Coast who later became permanent bases Portuguese. At the time it was built bases in places somewhat to the west, ie in Ormuzdan Socotra. The plan was to dominate the sea trade in Asia by building a permanent base in crucial places which can be used to direct the Portuguese military high technology. In 1510, after much fighting, suffering, and internal chaos, it seems the Portuguese almost reached its goal. The most important target was to attack the eastern end of the Asian trade in the Moluccas.

After hearing the first reports of the Asian traders Malacca enormous wealth, the Portuguese king sent Diogo Lopez de Sequiera to suppress Malacca, established friendly relations with the rulers, and remained there as a representative of the Portuguese in the east of India. The Sequiera task is impossible entirely when he arrived in Maluku in 1509. At first he was welcomed by Sultan Mahmud Shah (1488-1528), but then the international trade community in the city convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese is a big threat to him . Finally, Sultan Mahmud against Sequiera, captured some of his men, and killed several others. He also tried to attack the four Portuguese ships, but the fourth ship managed to sail into the open sea. As has happened in places farther west, it seems clear that the conquest is the only means available for the Portuguese to strengthen themselves.

Figure: Alfonso de Albuquerque
In April 1511, Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of about 1,200 men and 17 ships. War broke out soon after his arrival and continued sporadically throughout the month of July and early August. Party Malacca hampered by infighting between Sultan Mahmud and his son, Sultan Ahmad who had just handed the power over the state, but was killed on the orders of his father.
Malacca finally conquered by the Portuguese. Albuquerque settled in Malacca until November 1511, during which time he was preparing the defense of Malacca to withstand any counter attack the Malays. He also ordered the first ships to search for the Spice Islands. After that he went to India with a large ship, he managed to escape when the ship sank off the coast of Sumatra, along with all the booty looted in Malacca.
After the ship sank screen again, the rest of the fleet arrived at Ternate in the same year. With some difficulty, the first expedition arrived in Ternate and managed to make contact with the Sultan Aby Lais. Sultan of Ternate that promised to provide clove for each year on the condition that the Portuguese built a fort on the island of Ternate.
Trade relations are still initiated by Antonio de Abrito. Conjunction with the Sultan of Ternate, who was a child, Kacili Abu Hayat, Dervish and guardians are going very well Kacili. Ternate parties without a doubt allow De Brito first Portuguese built a fort on the island of Ternate (Sao Joao Bautista or Seighora de Nossa Rossario) in 1522. Population Ternate uses the term Kastela for the fort, even a castle was then known as Gamalama fort. Since 1522 until 1570 established a trading relationship (cloves) between the Portuguese and Ternate.
Portuguese Malacca was mastered, it is evident that they do not dominate Asian trade centered there. Portuguese never self-sufficient and highly dependent on the suppliers of food ingredients from Asia as well as the Malay rulers before them in Malacca. Their lack of funds and human resources. Their organization is characterized by the commands and confusing overlap, inefficiency, and corruption. Even their governors at Malacca also trade for personal gain at the port of Malaya, Johor, taxes and the price of their goods is lower, and it has damaged their supposed monopoly case. Asian traders divert most of their trade to other ports and avoid the Portuguese monopoly easy.
So quickly Portuguese ceased to be a revolutionary force. Superiority of their technology consisting of shipping techniques and successful military learned quickly by their rivals from Indonesia. Like the Portuguese cannon quickly been won by the people of Indonesia. Portuguese became a part of a network conflict in the Straits of Malacca, Johor and Aceh where vying to outdo each other in order to master the Portuguese Malacca.
Malacca town started dying as a trading port while under the grip of the Portuguese. They never managed to monopolize trade in Asia. Portuguese have little influence on the culture of Indonesian people who live in the western part of the archipelago, and soon became the odd part in the Indonesian environment. Portuguese had fundamentally screwed Asian trade system organization. There is no longer a central port where the wealth of Asia can be interchangeable, no countries Malaya Malacca Strait maintain order and make it safe for commercial traffic. Instead the trade community has spread to several ports and fierce battles erupted in the Strait.
Soon after the conquest of Malacca, sending the first probe mission to the east under the leadership of Francisco Serrao. In 1512, the ship was damaged, but he managed to reach Hitu (Ambon north). There he demonstrated the skills of war against an invading force that made him liked by local authorities. This prompted the two competing local authorities (Ternate and Tidore) to explore the possibility of obtaining assistance Portuguese. Portuguese welcomed in that area because they can also bring food and buy spices. But Asian trade soon bounced back, so the Portuguese could never do an effective monopoly on the spice trade.
Sultan of Ternate, Abu Lais (1522) to persuade people to support him and the Portuguese in 1522, they began to build a fort there. Mansur Sultan of Tidore took advantage of the arrival of the remnants of Magellan's expedition around the world cruise in 1521 to form an alliance with the Spaniards who did not give a lot of results in this period.
Ternate and the Portuguese changed the relationship became strained because of the weak Portuguese efforts to Christianity and because of the behavior of the Portuguese people are not polite. In 1535, the Portuguese in Ternate lowered King Tabariji (1523-1535) from his throne and sent to the Portuguese-ruled Goa. There he converted to Christianity and using the name of Dom Manuel, and after being found not guilty of the things alleged, he was sent back to Ternate to occupy his throne again. But along the way he died in Malacca in 1545. Yet before his death, he was handed over to the Portuguese island of Ambon who became his godfather, Jordao de Freitas.
Finally the Portuguese who killed the Sultan of Ternate, Hairun (1535-1570) in 1570, was expelled from Ternate in 1575 after a siege for 5 years. They then moved to the archipelago and build a new fort in 1578. However Ambon was the one who later became a major center of Portuguese activities in Maluku after that. Ternate while it becomes a persistent state that adheres to Islam and anti-Portuguese under the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570-1583) and his son Sultan Said al-Din Shah Blessing (1584-1606).
At that time the Portuguese also engaged in war in Solor. In 1562, the pastor Dominik build forts from coconut trunk there. In berikutnnya Muslim attackers burned from Java. But Dominik people survive and rebuild immediately fortress of stronger material and began to Christianity on the locals.
In subsequent years, emerged from the attacks of Java. Solor own society as a whole was not happy about the Portuguese people and their religion, so often appears resistance. In 1598-1599, a massive uprising of the Solor forcing the Portuguese sent a fleet of 90 ships to subdue the rebels. However, the Portuguese still occupied forts in Solor until they were expelled by the Dutch in 1613 and after the Portuguese occupation back in 1636.
Among the Portuguese adventurers there is a Europe whose job initiate a permanent change in eastern Indonesia. This guy named Francis Xavier (1506-1552) and St. Ignaius Loyola who founded the Jesuit order. In 1546-1547, Xavier worked in the midst of Ambon, Ternate, and Moro to lay the foundations for a permanent mission there. In the 1560s there were about 10,000 Catholics in the region and in the 1590s there's 50,000 people. People are also quite successful Dominik Christianize Solor. In the 1590s the Portuguese and the local Christian population there is estimated at 25,000 people.
B. EFFECT OF PORTUGAL NATION IN INDONESIA
During their stay in the Moluccas, the Portuguese left some of their cultural influences such as the romantic keroncong ballads sung with guitar accompaniment derived from Portuguese culture. Indonesian vocabulary also derived from the Portuguese language is a party, soap, flags, table, Sunday, etc.. This reflects the role of the Portuguese language besides Malay as a lingua franca throughout the archipelago until the early nineteenth century. Even in Ambon are still many family names are derived from the Portuguese as da Costa, Dias, de Fretas, Gonsalves, Mendoza, Rodriguez, da Silva, etc.. Another major influence of the Portuguese in Indonesia, planting Catholicism in some eastern regions of Indonesia.